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:''"Currant bush" redirects here. Not to be confused with bush currant (''Miconia calvescens'').'' ''Carissa spinarum'', the conkerberry or bush plumis a large shrub of the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), widely distributed in tropical regions of Africa, Southern Asia, Australia, and various islands of the Indian Ocean.〔(Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families )〕 It is most well known in Australia, where it is also called currant bush or, more ambiguously, "native currant" or even "black currant". It is, however, neither closely related to plums (''Prunus'') nor to true currants (''Ribes''), which belong to entirely different lineages of eudicots. In India, it is also called Wild Karanda / Wild Karavanda, referring to the related Karanda (''C. carandas''). ''Carissa spinarum'' is often discussed under its many obsolete synonyms (see below). It grows as a multi-stemmed shrub, 0.5 to 3 metres in height. The leaves are glossy green, opposite, narrow ovate to lanceolate and 1–5 cm in length. The branches bear thorns of 1–3 cm length. White, star-shaped flowers ~1 cm across are followed by ovate green berries, 1–2 cm in length, which turn black or dark purple when ripe. ==Ecology== ''C. spinarum'' is most often found in semiarid coastal regions on fine-textured soils such as clays and clay-loams; in more arid regions the plant tends to be confined to areas of higher moisture such as at the base of hills or floodout areas. But it has a high ecological tolerance and can live in a wide range of habitats. In Australia for example, it is often found in association with ''Eucalyptus brownii'', poplar box (''E. populnea''), gidgee (''Acacia cambagei'') or brigalow (''A. harpophylla''), in coastal rainforest, gallery forest and vine thickets in regions receiving in excess of 900 mm annual rainfall, as well as softwood scrubs and open eucalypt savannas receiving less than 700 mm annual rainfall. Conkerberries are edible, but only when fully ripe; they have a sweet flavour, but the milky sap of this plant – and its unripe fruit – is poisonous, as typical for the Apocynaceae. They are a popular bush tucker food for Australian Aborigines in Central Australia. The fruit is known as ''merne arrankweye'' in the Arrernte language, ''anwekety'' in Anmatyerr and ''nganango'' in Pintupi. The fruits are also a popular food for the Australian bustard, emu and many other birds in its range. Its leaves provide food for butterflies (e.g. Australian crow, ''Euploea core'') and moths (e.g. some hawkmoths) ''C. spinarum'' is frequently a weed in grazing land in northern Australia, choking out grasses, reducing the ability of livestock to feed, interfering with stock handling and providing a refuge for vermin. The plant is capable of reproducing rapidly by layering and is difficult to control mechanically and expensive to manage with herbicides. On the other hand, it has been used in attempts to restore small-bird habitat in disturbed dry rainforest in Queensland, Australia. Parts of the plant are used medicinally for joint and muscle pain by the Maasai people of Kenya.〔Bussmann, R. W., et al. (2006). (Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya. ) ''J Ethnobiol Ethnomed'' 2 22.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「:''"Currant bush" redirects here. Not to be confused with bush currant (''Miconia calvescens'').'''''''Carissa spinarum''''', the '''conkerberry''' or '''bush plum'''is a large shrub of the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), widely distributed in tropical regions of Africa, Southern Asia, Australia, and various islands of the Indian Ocean.(Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families ) It is most well known in Australia, where it is also called '''currant bush''' or, more ambiguously, '''"native currant"''' or even '''"black currant"'''. It is, however, neither closely related to plums (''Prunus'') nor to true currants (''Ribes''), which belong to entirely different lineages of eudicots. In India, it is also called '''Wild Karanda / Wild Karavanda''', referring to the related Karanda (''C. carandas''). ''Carissa spinarum'' is often discussed under its many obsolete synonyms (see below).It grows as a multi-stemmed shrub, 0.5 to 3 metres in height. The leaves are glossy green, opposite, narrow ovate to lanceolate and 1–5 cm in length. The branches bear thorns of 1–3 cm length. White, star-shaped flowers ~1 cm across are followed by ovate green berries, 1–2 cm in length, which turn black or dark purple when ripe.==Ecology==''C. spinarum'' is most often found in semiarid coastal regions on fine-textured soils such as clays and clay-loams; in more arid regions the plant tends to be confined to areas of higher moisture such as at the base of hills or floodout areas. But it has a high ecological tolerance and can live in a wide range of habitats. In Australia for example, it is often found in association with ''Eucalyptus brownii'', poplar box (''E. populnea''), gidgee (''Acacia cambagei'') or brigalow (''A. harpophylla''), in coastal rainforest, gallery forest and vine thickets in regions receiving in excess of 900 mm annual rainfall, as well as softwood scrubs and open eucalypt savannas receiving less than 700 mm annual rainfall.Conkerberries are edible, but only when fully ripe; they have a sweet flavour, but the milky sap of this plant – and its unripe fruit – is poisonous, as typical for the Apocynaceae. They are a popular bush tucker food for Australian Aborigines in Central Australia. The fruit is known as '''''merne arrankweye''''' in the Arrernte language, '''''anwekety''''' in Anmatyerr and '''''nganango''''' in Pintupi. The fruits are also a popular food for the Australian bustard, emu and many other birds in its range. Its leaves provide food for butterflies (e.g. Australian crow, ''Euploea core'') and moths (e.g. some hawkmoths)''C. spinarum'' is frequently a weed in grazing land in northern Australia, choking out grasses, reducing the ability of livestock to feed, interfering with stock handling and providing a refuge for vermin. The plant is capable of reproducing rapidly by layering and is difficult to control mechanically and expensive to manage with herbicides. On the other hand, it has been used in attempts to restore small-bird habitat in disturbed dry rainforest in Queensland, Australia.Parts of the plant are used medicinally for joint and muscle pain by the Maasai people of Kenya.Bussmann, R. W., et al. (2006). (Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya. ) ''J Ethnobiol Ethnomed'' 2 22.」の詳細全文を読む :''"Currant bush" redirects here. Not to be confused with bush currant (''Miconia calvescens'').'' ''Carissa spinarum'', the conkerberry or bush plumis a large shrub of the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), widely distributed in tropical regions of Africa, Southern Asia, Australia, and various islands of the Indian Ocean.〔(Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families )〕 It is most well known in Australia, where it is also called currant bush or, more ambiguously, "native currant" or even "black currant". It is, however, neither closely related to plums (''Prunus'') nor to true currants (''Ribes''), which belong to entirely different lineages of eudicots. In India, it is also called Wild Karanda / Wild Karavanda, referring to the related Karanda (''C. carandas''). ''Carissa spinarum'' is often discussed under its many obsolete synonyms (see below). It grows as a multi-stemmed shrub, 0.5 to 3 metres in height. The leaves are glossy green, opposite, narrow ovate to lanceolate and 1–5 cm in length. The branches bear thorns of 1–3 cm length. White, star-shaped flowers ~1 cm across are followed by ovate green berries, 1–2 cm in length, which turn black or dark purple when ripe. ==Ecology== ''C. spinarum'' is most often found in semiarid coastal regions on fine-textured soils such as clays and clay-loams; in more arid regions the plant tends to be confined to areas of higher moisture such as at the base of hills or floodout areas. But it has a high ecological tolerance and can live in a wide range of habitats. In Australia for example, it is often found in association with ''Eucalyptus brownii'', poplar box (''E. populnea''), gidgee (''Acacia cambagei'') or brigalow (''A. harpophylla''), in coastal rainforest, gallery forest and vine thickets in regions receiving in excess of 900 mm annual rainfall, as well as softwood scrubs and open eucalypt savannas receiving less than 700 mm annual rainfall. Conkerberries are edible, but only when fully ripe; they have a sweet flavour, but the milky sap of this plant – and its unripe fruit – is poisonous, as typical for the Apocynaceae. They are a popular bush tucker food for Australian Aborigines in Central Australia. The fruit is known as ''merne arrankweye'' in the Arrernte language, ''anwekety'' in Anmatyerr and ''nganango'' in Pintupi. The fruits are also a popular food for the Australian bustard, emu and many other birds in its range. Its leaves provide food for butterflies (e.g. Australian crow, ''Euploea core'') and moths (e.g. some hawkmoths) ''C. spinarum'' is frequently a weed in grazing land in northern Australia, choking out grasses, reducing the ability of livestock to feed, interfering with stock handling and providing a refuge for vermin. The plant is capable of reproducing rapidly by layering and is difficult to control mechanically and expensive to manage with herbicides. On the other hand, it has been used in attempts to restore small-bird habitat in disturbed dry rainforest in Queensland, Australia. Parts of the plant are used medicinally for joint and muscle pain by the Maasai people of Kenya.〔Bussmann, R. W., et al. (2006). (Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya. ) ''J Ethnobiol Ethnomed'' 2 22.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「:''"Currant bush" redirects here. Not to be confused with bush currant (''Miconia calvescens'').'''''''Carissa spinarum''''', the '''conkerberry''' or '''bush plum'''is a large shrub of the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), widely distributed in tropical regions of Africa, Southern Asia, Australia, and various islands of the Indian Ocean.(Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families ) It is most well known in Australia, where it is also called '''currant bush''' or, more ambiguously, '''"native currant"''' or even '''"black currant"'''. It is, however, neither closely related to plums (''Prunus'') nor to true currants (''Ribes''), which belong to entirely different lineages of eudicots. In India, it is also called '''Wild Karanda / Wild Karavanda''', referring to the related Karanda (''C. carandas''). ''Carissa spinarum'' is often discussed under its many obsolete synonyms (see below).It grows as a multi-stemmed shrub, 0.5 to 3 metres in height. The leaves are glossy green, opposite, narrow ovate to lanceolate and 1–5 cm in length. The branches bear thorns of 1–3 cm length. White, star-shaped flowers ~1 cm across are followed by ovate green berries, 1–2 cm in length, which turn black or dark purple when ripe.==Ecology==''C. spinarum'' is most often found in semiarid coastal regions on fine-textured soils such as clays and clay-loams; in more arid regions the plant tends to be confined to areas of higher moisture such as at the base of hills or floodout areas. But it has a high ecological tolerance and can live in a wide range of habitats. In Australia for example, it is often found in association with ''Eucalyptus brownii'', poplar box (''E. populnea''), gidgee (''Acacia cambagei'') or brigalow (''A. harpophylla''), in coastal rainforest, gallery forest and vine thickets in regions receiving in excess of 900 mm annual rainfall, as well as softwood scrubs and open eucalypt savannas receiving less than 700 mm annual rainfall.Conkerberries are edible, but only when fully ripe; they have a sweet flavour, but the milky sap of this plant – and its unripe fruit – is poisonous, as typical for the Apocynaceae. They are a popular bush tucker food for Australian Aborigines in Central Australia. The fruit is known as '''''merne arrankweye''''' in the Arrernte language, '''''anwekety''''' in Anmatyerr and '''''nganango''''' in Pintupi. The fruits are also a popular food for the Australian bustard, emu and many other birds in its range. Its leaves provide food for butterflies (e.g. Australian crow, ''Euploea core'') and moths (e.g. some hawkmoths)''C. spinarum'' is frequently a weed in grazing land in northern Australia, choking out grasses, reducing the ability of livestock to feed, interfering with stock handling and providing a refuge for vermin. The plant is capable of reproducing rapidly by layering and is difficult to control mechanically and expensive to manage with herbicides. On the other hand, it has been used in attempts to restore small-bird habitat in disturbed dry rainforest in Queensland, Australia.Parts of the plant are used medicinally for joint and muscle pain by the Maasai people of Kenya.Bussmann, R. W., et al. (2006). (Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya. ) ''J Ethnobiol Ethnomed'' 2 22.」の詳細全文を読む :''"Currant bush" redirects here. Not to be confused with bush currant (''Miconia calvescens'').'' ''Carissa spinarum'', the conkerberry or bush plumis a large shrub of the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), widely distributed in tropical regions of Africa, Southern Asia, Australia, and various islands of the Indian Ocean.〔(Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families )〕 It is most well known in Australia, where it is also called currant bush or, more ambiguously, "native currant" or even "black currant". It is, however, neither closely related to plums (''Prunus'') nor to true currants (''Ribes''), which belong to entirely different lineages of eudicots. In India, it is also called Wild Karanda / Wild Karavanda, referring to the related Karanda (''C. carandas''). ''Carissa spinarum'' is often discussed under its many obsolete synonyms (see below). It grows as a multi-stemmed shrub, 0.5 to 3 metres in height. The leaves are glossy green, opposite, narrow ovate to lanceolate and 1–5 cm in length. The branches bear thorns of 1–3 cm length. White, star-shaped flowers ~1 cm across are followed by ovate green berries, 1–2 cm in length, which turn black or dark purple when ripe. ==Ecology== ''C. spinarum'' is most often found in semiarid coastal regions on fine-textured soils such as clays and clay-loams; in more arid regions the plant tends to be confined to areas of higher moisture such as at the base of hills or floodout areas. But it has a high ecological tolerance and can live in a wide range of habitats. In Australia for example, it is often found in association with ''Eucalyptus brownii'', poplar box (''E. populnea''), gidgee (''Acacia cambagei'') or brigalow (''A. harpophylla''), in coastal rainforest, gallery forest and vine thickets in regions receiving in excess of 900 mm annual rainfall, as well as softwood scrubs and open eucalypt savannas receiving less than 700 mm annual rainfall. Conkerberries are edible, but only when fully ripe; they have a sweet flavour, but the milky sap of this plant – and its unripe fruit – is poisonous, as typical for the Apocynaceae. They are a popular bush tucker food for Australian Aborigines in Central Australia. The fruit is known as ''merne arrankweye'' in the Arrernte language, ''anwekety'' in Anmatyerr and ''nganango'' in Pintupi. The fruits are also a popular food for the Australian bustard, emu and many other birds in its range. Its leaves provide food for butterflies (e.g. Australian crow, ''Euploea core'') and moths (e.g. some hawkmoths) ''C. spinarum'' is frequently a weed in grazing land in northern Australia, choking out grasses, reducing the ability of livestock to feed, interfering with stock handling and providing a refuge for vermin. The plant is capable of reproducing rapidly by layering and is difficult to control mechanically and expensive to manage with herbicides. On the other hand, it has been used in attempts to restore small-bird habitat in disturbed dry rainforest in Queensland, Australia. Parts of the plant are used medicinally for joint and muscle pain by the Maasai people of Kenya.〔Bussmann, R. W., et al. (2006). (Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya. ) ''J Ethnobiol Ethnomed'' 2 22.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「:''"Currant bush" redirects here. Not to be confused with bush currant (''Miconia calvescens'').'''''''Carissa spinarum''''', the '''conkerberry''' or '''bush plum'''is a large shrub of the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), widely distributed in tropical regions of Africa, Southern Asia, Australia, and various islands of the Indian Ocean.(Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families ) It is most well known in Australia, where it is also called '''currant bush''' or, more ambiguously, '''"native currant"''' or even '''"black currant"'''. It is, however, neither closely related to plums (''Prunus'') nor to true currants (''Ribes''), which belong to entirely different lineages of eudicots. In India, it is also called '''Wild Karanda / Wild Karavanda''', referring to the related Karanda (''C. carandas''). ''Carissa spinarum'' is often discussed under its many obsolete synonyms (see below).It grows as a multi-stemmed shrub, 0.5 to 3 metres in height. The leaves are glossy green, opposite, narrow ovate to lanceolate and 1–5 cm in length. The branches bear thorns of 1–3 cm length. White, star-shaped flowers ~1 cm across are followed by ovate green berries, 1–2 cm in length, which turn black or dark purple when ripe.==Ecology==''C. spinarum'' is most often found in semiarid coastal regions on fine-textured soils such as clays and clay-loams; in more arid regions the plant tends to be confined to areas of higher moisture such as at the base of hills or floodout areas. But it has a high ecological tolerance and can live in a wide range of habitats. In Australia for example, it is often found in association with ''Eucalyptus brownii'', poplar box (''E. populnea''), gidgee (''Acacia cambagei'') or brigalow (''A. harpophylla''), in coastal rainforest, gallery forest and vine thickets in regions receiving in excess of 900 mm annual rainfall, as well as softwood scrubs and open eucalypt savannas receiving less than 700 mm annual rainfall.Conkerberries are edible, but only when fully ripe; they have a sweet flavour, but the milky sap of this plant – and its unripe fruit – is poisonous, as typical for the Apocynaceae. They are a popular bush tucker food for Australian Aborigines in Central Australia. The fruit is known as '''''merne arrankweye''''' in the Arrernte language, '''''anwekety''''' in Anmatyerr and '''''nganango''''' in Pintupi. The fruits are also a popular food for the Australian bustard, emu and many other birds in its range. Its leaves provide food for butterflies (e.g. Australian crow, ''Euploea core'') and moths (e.g. some hawkmoths)''C. spinarum'' is frequently a weed in grazing land in northern Australia, choking out grasses, reducing the ability of livestock to feed, interfering with stock handling and providing a refuge for vermin. The plant is capable of reproducing rapidly by layering and is difficult to control mechanically and expensive to manage with herbicides. On the other hand, it has been used in attempts to restore small-bird habitat in disturbed dry rainforest in Queensland, Australia.Parts of the plant are used medicinally for joint and muscle pain by the Maasai people of Kenya.Bussmann, R. W., et al. (2006). (Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya. ) ''J Ethnobiol Ethnomed'' 2 22.」の詳細全文を読む :''"Currant bush" redirects here. Not to be confused with bush currant (''Miconia calvescens'').'' ''Carissa spinarum'', the conkerberry or bush plumis a large shrub of the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), widely distributed in tropical regions of Africa, Southern Asia, Australia, and various islands of the Indian Ocean.〔(Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families )〕 It is most well known in Australia, where it is also called currant bush or, more ambiguously, "native currant" or even "black currant". It is, however, neither closely related to plums (''Prunus'') nor to true currants (''Ribes''), which belong to entirely different lineages of eudicots. In India, it is also called Wild Karanda / Wild Karavanda, referring to the related Karanda (''C. carandas''). ''Carissa spinarum'' is often discussed under its many obsolete synonyms (see below). It grows as a multi-stemmed shrub, 0.5 to 3 metres in height. The leaves are glossy green, opposite, narrow ovate to lanceolate and 1–5 cm in length. The branches bear thorns of 1–3 cm length. White, star-shaped flowers ~1 cm across are followed by ovate green berries, 1–2 cm in length, which turn black or dark purple when ripe. ==Ecology== ''C. spinarum'' is most often found in semiarid coastal regions on fine-textured soils such as clays and clay-loams; in more arid regions the plant tends to be confined to areas of higher moisture such as at the base of hills or floodout areas. But it has a high ecological tolerance and can live in a wide range of habitats. In Australia for example, it is often found in association with ''Eucalyptus brownii'', poplar box (''E. populnea''), gidgee (''Acacia cambagei'') or brigalow (''A. harpophylla''), in coastal rainforest, gallery forest and vine thickets in regions receiving in excess of 900 mm annual rainfall, as well as softwood scrubs and open eucalypt savannas receiving less than 700 mm annual rainfall. Conkerberries are edible, but only when fully ripe; they have a sweet flavour, but the milky sap of this plant – and its unripe fruit – is poisonous, as typical for the Apocynaceae. They are a popular bush tucker food for Australian Aborigines in Central Australia. The fruit is known as ''merne arrankweye'' in the Arrernte language, ''anwekety'' in Anmatyerr and ''nganango'' in Pintupi. The fruits are also a popular food for the Australian bustard, emu and many other birds in its range. Its leaves provide food for butterflies (e.g. Australian crow, ''Euploea core'') and moths (e.g. some hawkmoths) ''C. spinarum'' is frequently a weed in grazing land in northern Australia, choking out grasses, reducing the ability of livestock to feed, interfering with stock handling and providing a refuge for vermin. The plant is capable of reproducing rapidly by layering and is difficult to control mechanically and expensive to manage with herbicides. On the other hand, it has been used in attempts to restore small-bird habitat in disturbed dry rainforest in Queensland, Australia. Parts of the plant are used medicinally for joint and muscle pain by the Maasai people of Kenya.〔Bussmann, R. W., et al. (2006). (Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya. ) ''J Ethnobiol Ethnomed'' 2 22.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「:''"Currant bush" redirects here. Not to be confused with bush currant (''Miconia calvescens'').'''''''Carissa spinarum''''', the '''conkerberry''' or '''bush plum'''is a large shrub of the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), widely distributed in tropical regions of Africa, Southern Asia, Australia, and various islands of the Indian Ocean.(Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families ) It is most well known in Australia, where it is also called '''currant bush''' or, more ambiguously, '''"native currant"''' or even '''"black currant"'''. It is, however, neither closely related to plums (''Prunus'') nor to true currants (''Ribes''), which belong to entirely different lineages of eudicots. In India, it is also called '''Wild Karanda / Wild Karavanda''', referring to the related Karanda (''C. carandas''). ''Carissa spinarum'' is often discussed under its many obsolete synonyms (see below).It grows as a multi-stemmed shrub, 0.5 to 3 metres in height. The leaves are glossy green, opposite, narrow ovate to lanceolate and 1–5 cm in length. The branches bear thorns of 1–3 cm length. White, star-shaped flowers ~1 cm across are followed by ovate green berries, 1–2 cm in length, which turn black or dark purple when ripe.==Ecology==''C. spinarum'' is most often found in semiarid coastal regions on fine-textured soils such as clays and clay-loams; in more arid regions the plant tends to be confined to areas of higher moisture such as at the base of hills or floodout areas. But it has a high ecological tolerance and can live in a wide range of habitats. In Australia for example, it is often found in association with ''Eucalyptus brownii'', poplar box (''E. populnea''), gidgee (''Acacia cambagei'') or brigalow (''A. harpophylla''), in coastal rainforest, gallery forest and vine thickets in regions receiving in excess of 900 mm annual rainfall, as well as softwood scrubs and open eucalypt savannas receiving less than 700 mm annual rainfall.Conkerberries are edible, but only when fully ripe; they have a sweet flavour, but the milky sap of this plant – and its unripe fruit – is poisonous, as typical for the Apocynaceae. They are a popular bush tucker food for Australian Aborigines in Central Australia. The fruit is known as '''''merne arrankweye''''' in the Arrernte language, '''''anwekety''''' in Anmatyerr and '''''nganango''''' in Pintupi. The fruits are also a popular food for the Australian bustard, emu and many other birds in its range. Its leaves provide food for butterflies (e.g. Australian crow, ''Euploea core'') and moths (e.g. some hawkmoths)''C. spinarum'' is frequently a weed in grazing land in northern Australia, choking out grasses, reducing the ability of livestock to feed, interfering with stock handling and providing a refuge for vermin. The plant is capable of reproducing rapidly by layering and is difficult to control mechanically and expensive to manage with herbicides. On the other hand, it has been used in attempts to restore small-bird habitat in disturbed dry rainforest in Queensland, Australia.Parts of the plant are used medicinally for joint and muscle pain by the Maasai people of Kenya.Bussmann, R. W., et al. (2006). (Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya. ) ''J Ethnobiol Ethnomed'' 2 22.」の詳細全文を読む :''"Currant bush" redirects here. Not to be confused with bush currant (''Miconia calvescens'').'' ''Carissa spinarum'', the conkerberry or bush plumis a large shrub of the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), widely distributed in tropical regions of Africa, Southern Asia, Australia, and various islands of the Indian Ocean.〔(Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families )〕 It is most well known in Australia, where it is also called currant bush or, more ambiguously, "native currant" or even "black currant". It is, however, neither closely related to plums (''Prunus'') nor to true currants (''Ribes''), which belong to entirely different lineages of eudicots. In India, it is also called Wild Karanda / Wild Karavanda, referring to the related Karanda (''C. carandas''). ''Carissa spinarum'' is often discussed under its many obsolete synonyms (see below). It grows as a multi-stemmed shrub, 0.5 to 3 metres in height. The leaves are glossy green, opposite, narrow ovate to lanceolate and 1–5 cm in length. The branches bear thorns of 1–3 cm length. White, star-shaped flowers ~1 cm across are followed by ovate green berries, 1–2 cm in length, which turn black or dark purple when ripe. ==Ecology== ''C. spinarum'' is most often found in semiarid coastal regions on fine-textured soils such as clays and clay-loams; in more arid regions the plant tends to be confined to areas of higher moisture such as at the base of hills or floodout areas. But it has a high ecological tolerance and can live in a wide range of habitats. In Australia for example, it is often found in association with ''Eucalyptus brownii'', poplar box (''E. populnea''), gidgee (''Acacia cambagei'') or brigalow (''A. harpophylla''), in coastal rainforest, gallery forest and vine thickets in regions receiving in excess of 900 mm annual rainfall, as well as softwood scrubs and open eucalypt savannas receiving less than 700 mm annual rainfall. Conkerberries are edible, but only when fully ripe; they have a sweet flavour, but the milky sap of this plant – and its unripe fruit – is poisonous, as typical for the Apocynaceae. They are a popular bush tucker food for Australian Aborigines in Central Australia. The fruit is known as ''merne arrankweye'' in the Arrernte language, ''anwekety'' in Anmatyerr and ''nganango'' in Pintupi. The fruits are also a popular food for the Australian bustard, emu and many other birds in its range. Its leaves provide food for butterflies (e.g. Australian crow, ''Euploea core'') and moths (e.g. some hawkmoths) ''C. spinarum'' is frequently a weed in grazing land in northern Australia, choking out grasses, reducing the ability of livestock to feed, interfering with stock handling and providing a refuge for vermin. The plant is capable of reproducing rapidly by layering and is difficult to control mechanically and expensive to manage with herbicides. On the other hand, it has been used in attempts to restore small-bird habitat in disturbed dry rainforest in Queensland, Australia. Parts of the plant are used medicinally for joint and muscle pain by the Maasai people of Kenya.〔Bussmann, R. W., et al. (2006). (Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya. ) ''J Ethnobiol Ethnomed'' 2 22.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「:''"Currant bush" redirects here. Not to be confused with bush currant (''Miconia calvescens'').'''''''Carissa spinarum''''', the '''conkerberry''' or '''bush plum'''is a large shrub of the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), widely distributed in tropical regions of Africa, Southern Asia, Australia, and various islands of the Indian Ocean.(Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families ) It is most well known in Australia, where it is also called '''currant bush''' or, more ambiguously, '''"native currant"''' or even '''"black currant"'''. It is, however, neither closely related to plums (''Prunus'') nor to true currants (''Ribes''), which belong to entirely different lineages of eudicots. In India, it is also called '''Wild Karanda / Wild Karavanda''', referring to the related Karanda (''C. carandas''). ''Carissa spinarum'' is often discussed under its many obsolete synonyms (see below).It grows as a multi-stemmed shrub, 0.5 to 3 metres in height. The leaves are glossy green, opposite, narrow ovate to lanceolate and 1–5 cm in length. The branches bear thorns of 1–3 cm length. White, star-shaped flowers ~1 cm across are followed by ovate green berries, 1–2 cm in length, which turn black or dark purple when ripe.==Ecology==''C. spinarum'' is most often found in semiarid coastal regions on fine-textured soils such as clays and clay-loams; in more arid regions the plant tends to be confined to areas of higher moisture such as at the base of hills or floodout areas. But it has a high ecological tolerance and can live in a wide range of habitats. In Australia for example, it is often found in association with ''Eucalyptus brownii'', poplar box (''E. populnea''), gidgee (''Acacia cambagei'') or brigalow (''A. harpophylla''), in coastal rainforest, gallery forest and vine thickets in regions receiving in excess of 900 mm annual rainfall, as well as softwood scrubs and open eucalypt savannas receiving less than 700 mm annual rainfall.Conkerberries are edible, but only when fully ripe; they have a sweet flavour, but the milky sap of this plant – and its unripe fruit – is poisonous, as typical for the Apocynaceae. They are a popular bush tucker food for Australian Aborigines in Central Australia. The fruit is known as '''''merne arrankweye''''' in the Arrernte language, '''''anwekety''''' in Anmatyerr and '''''nganango''''' in Pintupi. The fruits are also a popular food for the Australian bustard, emu and many other birds in its range. Its leaves provide food for butterflies (e.g. Australian crow, ''Euploea core'') and moths (e.g. some hawkmoths)''C. spinarum'' is frequently a weed in grazing land in northern Australia, choking out grasses, reducing the ability of livestock to feed, interfering with stock handling and providing a refuge for vermin. The plant is capable of reproducing rapidly by layering and is difficult to control mechanically and expensive to manage with herbicides. On the other hand, it has been used in attempts to restore small-bird habitat in disturbed dry rainforest in Queensland, Australia.Parts of the plant are used medicinally for joint and muscle pain by the Maasai people of Kenya.Bussmann, R. W., et al. (2006). (Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya. ) ''J Ethnobiol Ethnomed'' 2 22.」の詳細全文を読む :''"Currant bush" redirects here. Not to be confused with bush currant (''Miconia calvescens'').'' ''Carissa spinarum'', the conkerberry or bush plumis a large shrub of the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), widely distributed in tropical regions of Africa, Southern Asia, Australia, and various islands of the Indian Ocean.〔(Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families )〕 It is most well known in Australia, where it is also called currant bush or, more ambiguously, "native currant" or even "black currant". It is, however, neither closely related to plums (''Prunus'') nor to true currants (''Ribes''), which belong to entirely different lineages of eudicots. In India, it is also called Wild Karanda / Wild Karavanda, referring to the related Karanda (''C. carandas''). ''Carissa spinarum'' is often discussed under its many obsolete synonyms (see below). It grows as a multi-stemmed shrub, 0.5 to 3 metres in height. The leaves are glossy green, opposite, narrow ovate to lanceolate and 1–5 cm in length. The branches bear thorns of 1–3 cm length. White, star-shaped flowers ~1 cm across are followed by ovate green berries, 1–2 cm in length, which turn black or dark purple when ripe. ==Ecology== ''C. spinarum'' is most often found in semiarid coastal regions on fine-textured soils such as clays and clay-loams; in more arid regions the plant tends to be confined to areas of higher moisture such as at the base of hills or floodout areas. But it has a high ecological tolerance and can live in a wide range of habitats. In Australia for example, it is often found in association with ''Eucalyptus brownii'', poplar box (''E. populnea''), gidgee (''Acacia cambagei'') or brigalow (''A. harpophylla''), in coastal rainforest, gallery forest and vine thickets in regions receiving in excess of 900 mm annual rainfall, as well as softwood scrubs and open eucalypt savannas receiving less than 700 mm annual rainfall. Conkerberries are edible, but only when fully ripe; they have a sweet flavour, but the milky sap of this plant – and its unripe fruit – is poisonous, as typical for the Apocynaceae. They are a popular bush tucker food for Australian Aborigines in Central Australia. The fruit is known as ''merne arrankweye'' in the Arrernte language, ''anwekety'' in Anmatyerr and ''nganango'' in Pintupi. The fruits are also a popular food for the Australian bustard, emu and many other birds in its range. Its leaves provide food for butterflies (e.g. Australian crow, ''Euploea core'') and moths (e.g. some hawkmoths) ''C. spinarum'' is frequently a weed in grazing land in northern Australia, choking out grasses, reducing the ability of livestock to feed, interfering with stock handling and providing a refuge for vermin. The plant is capable of reproducing rapidly by layering and is difficult to control mechanically and expensive to manage with herbicides. On the other hand, it has been used in attempts to restore small-bird habitat in disturbed dry rainforest in Queensland, Australia. Parts of the plant are used medicinally for joint and muscle pain by the Maasai people of Kenya.〔Bussmann, R. W., et al. (2006). (Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya. ) ''J Ethnobiol Ethnomed'' 2 22.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「:''"Currant bush" redirects here. Not to be confused with bush currant (''Miconia calvescens'').'''''''Carissa spinarum''''', the '''conkerberry''' or '''bush plum'''is a large shrub of the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), widely distributed in tropical regions of Africa, Southern Asia, Australia, and various islands of the Indian Ocean.(Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families ) It is most well known in Australia, where it is also called '''currant bush''' or, more ambiguously, '''"native currant"''' or even '''"black currant"'''. It is, however, neither closely related to plums (''Prunus'') nor to true currants (''Ribes''), which belong to entirely different lineages of eudicots. In India, it is also called '''Wild Karanda / Wild Karavanda''', referring to the related Karanda (''C. carandas''). ''Carissa spinarum'' is often discussed under its many obsolete synonyms (see below).It grows as a multi-stemmed shrub, 0.5 to 3 metres in height. The leaves are glossy green, opposite, narrow ovate to lanceolate and 1–5 cm in length. The branches bear thorns of 1–3 cm length. White, star-shaped flowers ~1 cm across are followed by ovate green berries, 1–2 cm in length, which turn black or dark purple when ripe.==Ecology==''C. spinarum'' is most often found in semiarid coastal regions on fine-textured soils such as clays and clay-loams; in more arid regions the plant tends to be confined to areas of higher moisture such as at the base of hills or floodout areas. But it has a high ecological tolerance and can live in a wide range of habitats. In Australia for example, it is often found in association with ''Eucalyptus brownii'', poplar box (''E. populnea''), gidgee (''Acacia cambagei'') or brigalow (''A. harpophylla''), in coastal rainforest, gallery forest and vine thickets in regions receiving in excess of 900 mm annual rainfall, as well as softwood scrubs and open eucalypt savannas receiving less than 700 mm annual rainfall.Conkerberries are edible, but only when fully ripe; they have a sweet flavour, but the milky sap of this plant – and its unripe fruit – is poisonous, as typical for the Apocynaceae. They are a popular bush tucker food for Australian Aborigines in Central Australia. The fruit is known as '''''merne arrankweye''''' in the Arrernte language, '''''anwekety''''' in Anmatyerr and '''''nganango''''' in Pintupi. The fruits are also a popular food for the Australian bustard, emu and many other birds in its range. Its leaves provide food for butterflies (e.g. Australian crow, ''Euploea core'') and moths (e.g. some hawkmoths)''C. spinarum'' is frequently a weed in grazing land in northern Australia, choking out grasses, reducing the ability of livestock to feed, interfering with stock handling and providing a refuge for vermin. The plant is capable of reproducing rapidly by layering and is difficult to control mechanically and expensive to manage with herbicides. On the other hand, it has been used in attempts to restore small-bird habitat in disturbed dry rainforest in Queensland, Australia.Parts of the plant are used medicinally for joint and muscle pain by the Maasai people of Kenya.Bussmann, R. W., et al. (2006). (Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya. ) ''J Ethnobiol Ethnomed'' 2 22.」の詳細全文を読む :''"Currant bush" redirects here. Not to be confused with bush currant (''Miconia calvescens'').'' ''Carissa spinarum'', the conkerberry or bush plumis a large shrub of the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), widely distributed in tropical regions of Africa, Southern Asia, Australia, and various islands of the Indian Ocean.〔(Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families )〕 It is most well known in Australia, where it is also called currant bush or, more ambiguously, "native currant" or even "black currant". It is, however, neither closely related to plums (''Prunus'') nor to true currants (''Ribes''), which belong to entirely different lineages of eudicots. In India, it is also called Wild Karanda / Wild Karavanda, referring to the related Karanda (''C. carandas''). ''Carissa spinarum'' is often discussed under its many obsolete synonyms (see below). It grows as a multi-stemmed shrub, 0.5 to 3 metres in height. The leaves are glossy green, opposite, narrow ovate to lanceolate and 1–5 cm in length. The branches bear thorns of 1–3 cm length. White, star-shaped flowers ~1 cm across are followed by ovate green berries, 1–2 cm in length, which turn black or dark purple when ripe. ==Ecology== ''C. spinarum'' is most often found in semiarid coastal regions on fine-textured soils such as clays and clay-loams; in more arid regions the plant tends to be confined to areas of higher moisture such as at the base of hills or floodout areas. But it has a high ecological tolerance and can live in a wide range of habitats. In Australia for example, it is often found in association with ''Eucalyptus brownii'', poplar box (''E. populnea''), gidgee (''Acacia cambagei'') or brigalow (''A. harpophylla''), in coastal rainforest, gallery forest and vine thickets in regions receiving in excess of 900 mm annual rainfall, as well as softwood scrubs and open eucalypt savannas receiving less than 700 mm annual rainfall. Conkerberries are edible, but only when fully ripe; they have a sweet flavour, but the milky sap of this plant – and its unripe fruit – is poisonous, as typical for the Apocynaceae. They are a popular bush tucker food for Australian Aborigines in Central Australia. The fruit is known as ''merne arrankweye'' in the Arrernte language, ''anwekety'' in Anmatyerr and ''nganango'' in Pintupi. The fruits are also a popular food for the Australian bustard, emu and many other birds in its range. Its leaves provide food for butterflies (e.g. Australian crow, ''Euploea core'') and moths (e.g. some hawkmoths) ''C. spinarum'' is frequently a weed in grazing land in northern Australia, choking out grasses, reducing the ability of livestock to feed, interfering with stock handling and providing a refuge for vermin. The plant is capable of reproducing rapidly by layering and is difficult to control mechanically and expensive to manage with herbicides. On the other hand, it has been used in attempts to restore small-bird habitat in disturbed dry rainforest in Queensland, Australia. Parts of the plant are used medicinally for joint and muscle pain by the Maasai people of Kenya.〔Bussmann, R. W., et al. (2006). (Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya. ) ''J Ethnobiol Ethnomed'' 2 22.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「:''"Currant bush" redirects here. Not to be confused with bush currant (''Miconia calvescens'').'''''''Carissa spinarum''''', the '''conkerberry''' or '''bush plum'''is a large shrub of the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), widely distributed in tropical regions of Africa, Southern Asia, Australia, and various islands of the Indian Ocean.(Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families ) It is most well known in Australia, where it is also called '''currant bush''' or, more ambiguously, '''"native currant"''' or even '''"black currant"'''. It is, however, neither closely related to plums (''Prunus'') nor to true currants (''Ribes''), which belong to entirely different lineages of eudicots. In India, it is also called '''Wild Karanda / Wild Karavanda''', referring to the related Karanda (''C. carandas''). ''Carissa spinarum'' is often discussed under its many obsolete synonyms (see below).It grows as a multi-stemmed shrub, 0.5 to 3 metres in height. The leaves are glossy green, opposite, narrow ovate to lanceolate and 1–5 cm in length. The branches bear thorns of 1–3 cm length. White, star-shaped flowers ~1 cm across are followed by ovate green berries, 1–2 cm in length, which turn black or dark purple when ripe.==Ecology==''C. spinarum'' is most often found in semiarid coastal regions on fine-textured soils such as clays and clay-loams; in more arid regions the plant tends to be confined to areas of higher moisture such as at the base of hills or floodout areas. But it has a high ecological tolerance and can live in a wide range of habitats. In Australia for example, it is often found in association with ''Eucalyptus brownii'', poplar box (''E. populnea''), gidgee (''Acacia cambagei'') or brigalow (''A. harpophylla''), in coastal rainforest, gallery forest and vine thickets in regions receiving in excess of 900 mm annual rainfall, as well as softwood scrubs and open eucalypt savannas receiving less than 700 mm annual rainfall.Conkerberries are edible, but only when fully ripe; they have a sweet flavour, but the milky sap of this plant – and its unripe fruit – is poisonous, as typical for the Apocynaceae. They are a popular bush tucker food for Australian Aborigines in Central Australia. The fruit is known as '''''merne arrankweye''''' in the Arrernte language, '''''anwekety''''' in Anmatyerr and '''''nganango''''' in Pintupi. The fruits are also a popular food for the Australian bustard, emu and many other birds in its range. Its leaves provide food for butterflies (e.g. Australian crow, ''Euploea core'') and moths (e.g. some hawkmoths)''C. spinarum'' is frequently a weed in grazing land in northern Australia, choking out grasses, reducing the ability of livestock to feed, interfering with stock handling and providing a refuge for vermin. The plant is capable of reproducing rapidly by layering and is difficult to control mechanically and expensive to manage with herbicides. On the other hand, it has been used in attempts to restore small-bird habitat in disturbed dry rainforest in Queensland, Australia.Parts of the plant are used medicinally for joint and muscle pain by the Maasai people of Kenya.Bussmann, R. W., et al. (2006). (Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya. ) ''J Ethnobiol Ethnomed'' 2 22.」の詳細全文を読む :''"Currant bush" redirects here. Not to be confused with bush currant (''Miconia calvescens'').'' ''Carissa spinarum'', the conkerberry or bush plumis a large shrub of the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), widely distributed in tropical regions of Africa, Southern Asia, Australia, and various islands of the Indian Ocean.〔(Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families )〕 It is most well known in Australia, where it is also called currant bush or, more ambiguously, "native currant" or even "black currant". It is, however, neither closely related to plums (''Prunus'') nor to true currants (''Ribes''), which belong to entirely different lineages of eudicots. In India, it is also called Wild Karanda / Wild Karavanda, referring to the related Karanda (''C. carandas''). ''Carissa spinarum'' is often discussed under its many obsolete synonyms (see below). It grows as a multi-stemmed shrub, 0.5 to 3 metres in height. The leaves are glossy green, opposite, narrow ovate to lanceolate and 1–5 cm in length. The branches bear thorns of 1–3 cm length. White, star-shaped flowers ~1 cm across are followed by ovate green berries, 1–2 cm in length, which turn black or dark purple when ripe. ==Ecology== ''C. spinarum'' is most often found in semiarid coastal regions on fine-textured soils such as clays and clay-loams; in more arid regions the plant tends to be confined to areas of higher moisture such as at the base of hills or floodout areas. But it has a high ecological tolerance and can live in a wide range of habitats. In Australia for example, it is often found in association with ''Eucalyptus brownii'', poplar box (''E. populnea''), gidgee (''Acacia cambagei'') or brigalow (''A. harpophylla''), in coastal rainforest, gallery forest and vine thickets in regions receiving in excess of 900 mm annual rainfall, as well as softwood scrubs and open eucalypt savannas receiving less than 700 mm annual rainfall. Conkerberries are edible, but only when fully ripe; they have a sweet flavour, but the milky sap of this plant – and its unripe fruit – is poisonous, as typical for the Apocynaceae. They are a popular bush tucker food for Australian Aborigines in Central Australia. The fruit is known as ''merne arrankweye'' in the Arrernte language, ''anwekety'' in Anmatyerr and ''nganango'' in Pintupi. The fruits are also a popular food for the Australian bustard, emu and many other birds in its range. Its leaves provide food for butterflies (e.g. Australian crow, ''Euploea core'') and moths (e.g. some hawkmoths) ''C. spinarum'' is frequently a weed in grazing land in northern Australia, choking out grasses, reducing the ability of livestock to feed, interfering with stock handling and providing a refuge for vermin. The plant is capable of reproducing rapidly by layering and is difficult to control mechanically and expensive to manage with herbicides. On the other hand, it has been used in attempts to restore small-bird habitat in disturbed dry rainforest in Queensland, Australia. Parts of the plant are used medicinally for joint and muscle pain by the Maasai people of Kenya.〔Bussmann, R. W., et al. (2006). (Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya. ) ''J Ethnobiol Ethnomed'' 2 22.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ''''Carissa spinarum''''', the '''conkerberry''' or '''bush plum'''is a large shrub of the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), widely distributed in tropical regions of Africa, Southern Asia, Australia, and various islands of the Indian Ocean.(Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families ) It is most well known in Australia, where it is also called '''currant bush''' or, more ambiguously, '''"native currant"''' or even '''"black currant"'''. It is, however, neither closely related to plums (''Prunus'') nor to true currants (''Ribes''), which belong to entirely different lineages of eudicots. In India, it is also called '''Wild Karanda / Wild Karavanda''', referring to the related Karanda (''C. carandas''). ''Carissa spinarum'' is often discussed under its many obsolete synonyms (see below).It grows as a multi-stemmed shrub, 0.5 to 3 metres in height. The leaves are glossy green, opposite, narrow ovate to lanceolate and 1–5 cm in length. The branches bear thorns of 1–3 cm length. White, star-shaped flowers ~1 cm across are followed by ovate green berries, 1–2 cm in length, which turn black or dark purple when ripe.==Ecology==''C. spinarum'' is most often found in semiarid coastal regions on fine-textured soils such as clays and clay-loams; in more arid regions the plant tends to be confined to areas of higher moisture such as at the base of hills or floodout areas. But it has a high ecological tolerance and can live in a wide range of habitats. In Australia for example, it is often found in association with ''Eucalyptus brownii'', poplar box (''E. populnea''), gidgee (''Acacia cambagei'') or brigalow (''A. harpophylla''), in coastal rainforest, gallery forest and vine thickets in regions receiving in excess of 900 mm annual rainfall, as well as softwood scrubs and open eucalypt savannas receiving less than 700 mm annual rainfall.Conkerberries are edible, but only when fully ripe; they have a sweet flavour, but the milky sap of this plant – and its unripe fruit – is poisonous, as typical for the Apocynaceae. They are a popular bush tucker food for Australian Aborigines in Central Australia. The fruit is known as '''''merne arrankweye''''' in the Arrernte language, '''''anwekety''''' in Anmatyerr and '''''nganango''''' in Pintupi. The fruits are also a popular food for the Australian bustard, emu and many other birds in its range. Its leaves provide food for butterflies (e.g. Australian crow, ''Euploea core'') and moths (e.g. some hawkmoths)''C. spinarum'' is frequently a weed in grazing land in northern Australia, choking out grasses, reducing the ability of livestock to feed, interfering with stock handling and providing a refuge for vermin. The plant is capable of reproducing rapidly by layering and is difficult to control mechanically and expensive to manage with herbicides. On the other hand, it has been used in attempts to restore small-bird habitat in disturbed dry rainforest in Queensland, Australia.Parts of the plant are used medicinally for joint and muscle pain by the Maasai people of Kenya.Bussmann, R. W., et al. (2006). (Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya. ) ''J Ethnobiol Ethnomed'' 2 22.">ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「:''"Currant bush" redirects here. Not to be confused with bush currant (''Miconia calvescens'').'''''''Carissa spinarum''''', the '''conkerberry''' or '''bush plum'''is a large shrub of the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), widely distributed in tropical regions of Africa, Southern Asia, Australia, and various islands of the Indian Ocean.(Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families ) It is most well known in Australia, where it is also called '''currant bush''' or, more ambiguously, '''"native currant"''' or even '''"black currant"'''. It is, however, neither closely related to plums (''Prunus'') nor to true currants (''Ribes''), which belong to entirely different lineages of eudicots. In India, it is also called '''Wild Karanda / Wild Karavanda''', referring to the related Karanda (''C. carandas''). ''Carissa spinarum'' is often discussed under its many obsolete synonyms (see below).It grows as a multi-stemmed shrub, 0.5 to 3 metres in height. The leaves are glossy green, opposite, narrow ovate to lanceolate and 1–5 cm in length. The branches bear thorns of 1–3 cm length. White, star-shaped flowers ~1 cm across are followed by ovate green berries, 1–2 cm in length, which turn black or dark purple when ripe.==Ecology==''C. spinarum'' is most often found in semiarid coastal regions on fine-textured soils such as clays and clay-loams; in more arid regions the plant tends to be confined to areas of higher moisture such as at the base of hills or floodout areas. But it has a high ecological tolerance and can live in a wide range of habitats. In Australia for example, it is often found in association with ''Eucalyptus brownii'', poplar box (''E. populnea''), gidgee (''Acacia cambagei'') or brigalow (''A. harpophylla''), in coastal rainforest, gallery forest and vine thickets in regions receiving in excess of 900 mm annual rainfall, as well as softwood scrubs and open eucalypt savannas receiving less than 700 mm annual rainfall.Conkerberries are edible, but only when fully ripe; they have a sweet flavour, but the milky sap of this plant – and its unripe fruit – is poisonous, as typical for the Apocynaceae. They are a popular bush tucker food for Australian Aborigines in Central Australia. The fruit is known as '''''merne arrankweye''''' in the Arrernte language, '''''anwekety''''' in Anmatyerr and '''''nganango''''' in Pintupi. The fruits are also a popular food for the Australian bustard, emu and many other birds in its range. Its leaves provide food for butterflies (e.g. Australian crow, ''Euploea core'') and moths (e.g. some hawkmoths)''C. spinarum'' is frequently a weed in grazing land in northern Australia, choking out grasses, reducing the ability of livestock to feed, interfering with stock handling and providing a refuge for vermin. The plant is capable of reproducing rapidly by layering and is difficult to control mechanically and expensive to manage with herbicides. On the other hand, it has been used in attempts to restore small-bird habitat in disturbed dry rainforest in Queensland, Australia.Parts of the plant are used medicinally for joint and muscle pain by the Maasai people of Kenya.Bussmann, R. W., et al. (2006). (Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya. ) ''J Ethnobiol Ethnomed'' 2 22.」の詳細全文を読む ■ウィキペディアで「:''"Currant bush" redirects here. Not to be confused with bush currant (''Miconia calvescens'').'''''''Carissa spinarum''''', the '''conkerberry''' or '''bush plum'''is a large shrub of the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), widely distributed in tropical regions of Africa, Southern Asia, Australia, and various islands of the Indian Ocean.(Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families ) It is most well known in Australia, where it is also called '''currant bush''' or, more ambiguously, '''"native currant"''' or even '''"black currant"'''. It is, however, neither closely related to plums (''Prunus'') nor to true currants (''Ribes''), which belong to entirely different lineages of eudicots. In India, it is also called '''Wild Karanda / Wild Karavanda''', referring to the related Karanda (''C. carandas''). ''Carissa spinarum'' is often discussed under its many obsolete synonyms (see below).It grows as a multi-stemmed shrub, 0.5 to 3 metres in height. The leaves are glossy green, opposite, narrow ovate to lanceolate and 1–5 cm in length. The branches bear thorns of 1–3 cm length. White, star-shaped flowers ~1 cm across are followed by ovate green berries, 1–2 cm in length, which turn black or dark purple when ripe.==Ecology==''C. spinarum'' is most often found in semiarid coastal regions on fine-textured soils such as clays and clay-loams; in more arid regions the plant tends to be confined to areas of higher moisture such as at the base of hills or floodout areas. But it has a high ecological tolerance and can live in a wide range of habitats. In Australia for example, it is often found in association with ''Eucalyptus brownii'', poplar box (''E. populnea''), gidgee (''Acacia cambagei'') or brigalow (''A. harpophylla''), in coastal rainforest, gallery forest and vine thickets in regions receiving in excess of 900 mm annual rainfall, as well as softwood scrubs and open eucalypt savannas receiving less than 700 mm annual rainfall.Conkerberries are edible, but only when fully ripe; they have a sweet flavour, but the milky sap of this plant – and its unripe fruit – is poisonous, as typical for the Apocynaceae. They are a popular bush tucker food for Australian Aborigines in Central Australia. The fruit is known as '''''merne arrankweye''''' in the Arrernte language, '''''anwekety''''' in Anmatyerr and '''''nganango''''' in Pintupi. The fruits are also a popular food for the Australian bustard, emu and many other birds in its range. Its leaves provide food for butterflies (e.g. Australian crow, ''Euploea core'') and moths (e.g. some hawkmoths)''C. spinarum'' is frequently a weed in grazing land in northern Australia, choking out grasses, reducing the ability of livestock to feed, interfering with stock handling and providing a refuge for vermin. The plant is capable of reproducing rapidly by layering and is difficult to control mechanically and expensive to manage with herbicides. On the other hand, it has been used in attempts to restore small-bird habitat in disturbed dry rainforest in Queensland, Australia.Parts of the plant are used medicinally for joint and muscle pain by the Maasai people of Kenya.Bussmann, R. W., et al. (2006). (Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya. ) ''J Ethnobiol Ethnomed'' 2 22.」の詳細全文を読む ■ウィキペディアで「:''"Currant bush" redirects here. Not to be confused with bush currant (''Miconia calvescens'').'''''''Carissa spinarum''''', the '''conkerberry''' or '''bush plum'''is a large shrub of the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), widely distributed in tropical regions of Africa, Southern Asia, Australia, and various islands of the Indian Ocean.(Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families ) It is most well known in Australia, where it is also called '''currant bush''' or, more ambiguously, '''"native currant"''' or even '''"black currant"'''. It is, however, neither closely related to plums (''Prunus'') nor to true currants (''Ribes''), which belong to entirely different lineages of eudicots. In India, it is also called '''Wild Karanda / Wild Karavanda''', referring to the related Karanda (''C. carandas''). ''Carissa spinarum'' is often discussed under its many obsolete synonyms (see below).It grows as a multi-stemmed shrub, 0.5 to 3 metres in height. The leaves are glossy green, opposite, narrow ovate to lanceolate and 1–5 cm in length. The branches bear thorns of 1–3 cm length. White, star-shaped flowers ~1 cm across are followed by ovate green berries, 1–2 cm in length, which turn black or dark purple when ripe.==Ecology==''C. spinarum'' is most often found in semiarid coastal regions on fine-textured soils such as clays and clay-loams; in more arid regions the plant tends to be confined to areas of higher moisture such as at the base of hills or floodout areas. But it has a high ecological tolerance and can live in a wide range of habitats. In Australia for example, it is often found in association with ''Eucalyptus brownii'', poplar box (''E. populnea''), gidgee (''Acacia cambagei'') or brigalow (''A. harpophylla''), in coastal rainforest, gallery forest and vine thickets in regions receiving in excess of 900 mm annual rainfall, as well as softwood scrubs and open eucalypt savannas receiving less than 700 mm annual rainfall.Conkerberries are edible, but only when fully ripe; they have a sweet flavour, but the milky sap of this plant – and its unripe fruit – is poisonous, as typical for the Apocynaceae. They are a popular bush tucker food for Australian Aborigines in Central Australia. The fruit is known as '''''merne arrankweye''''' in the Arrernte language, '''''anwekety''''' in Anmatyerr and '''''nganango''''' in Pintupi. The fruits are also a popular food for the Australian bustard, emu and many other birds in its range. Its leaves provide food for butterflies (e.g. Australian crow, ''Euploea core'') and moths (e.g. some hawkmoths)''C. spinarum'' is frequently a weed in grazing land in northern Australia, choking out grasses, reducing the ability of livestock to feed, interfering with stock handling and providing a refuge for vermin. The plant is capable of reproducing rapidly by layering and is difficult to control mechanically and expensive to manage with herbicides. On the other hand, it has been used in attempts to restore small-bird habitat in disturbed dry rainforest in Queensland, Australia.Parts of the plant are used medicinally for joint and muscle pain by the Maasai people of Kenya.Bussmann, R. W., et al. (2006). (Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya. ) ''J Ethnobiol Ethnomed'' 2 22.」の詳細全文を読む ■ウィキペディアで「:''"Currant bush" redirects here. Not to be confused with bush currant (''Miconia calvescens'').'''''''Carissa spinarum''''', the '''conkerberry''' or '''bush plum'''is a large shrub of the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), widely distributed in tropical regions of Africa, Southern Asia, Australia, and various islands of the Indian Ocean.(Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families ) It is most well known in Australia, where it is also called '''currant bush''' or, more ambiguously, '''"native currant"''' or even '''"black currant"'''. It is, however, neither closely related to plums (''Prunus'') nor to true currants (''Ribes''), which belong to entirely different lineages of eudicots. In India, it is also called '''Wild Karanda / Wild Karavanda''', referring to the related Karanda (''C. carandas''). ''Carissa spinarum'' is often discussed under its many obsolete synonyms (see below).It grows as a multi-stemmed shrub, 0.5 to 3 metres in height. The leaves are glossy green, opposite, narrow ovate to lanceolate and 1–5 cm in length. The branches bear thorns of 1–3 cm length. White, star-shaped flowers ~1 cm across are followed by ovate green berries, 1–2 cm in length, which turn black or dark purple when ripe.==Ecology==''C. spinarum'' is most often found in semiarid coastal regions on fine-textured soils such as clays and clay-loams; in more arid regions the plant tends to be confined to areas of higher moisture such as at the base of hills or floodout areas. But it has a high ecological tolerance and can live in a wide range of habitats. In Australia for example, it is often found in association with ''Eucalyptus brownii'', poplar box (''E. populnea''), gidgee (''Acacia cambagei'') or brigalow (''A. harpophylla''), in coastal rainforest, gallery forest and vine thickets in regions receiving in excess of 900 mm annual rainfall, as well as softwood scrubs and open eucalypt savannas receiving less than 700 mm annual rainfall.Conkerberries are edible, but only when fully ripe; they have a sweet flavour, but the milky sap of this plant – and its unripe fruit – is poisonous, as typical for the Apocynaceae. They are a popular bush tucker food for Australian Aborigines in Central Australia. The fruit is known as '''''merne arrankweye''''' in the Arrernte language, '''''anwekety''''' in Anmatyerr and '''''nganango''''' in Pintupi. The fruits are also a popular food for the Australian bustard, emu and many other birds in its range. Its leaves provide food for butterflies (e.g. Australian crow, ''Euploea core'') and moths (e.g. some hawkmoths)''C. spinarum'' is frequently a weed in grazing land in northern Australia, choking out grasses, reducing the ability of livestock to feed, interfering with stock handling and providing a refuge for vermin. The plant is capable of reproducing rapidly by layering and is difficult to control mechanically and expensive to manage with herbicides. On the other hand, it has been used in attempts to restore small-bird habitat in disturbed dry rainforest in Queensland, Australia.Parts of the plant are used medicinally for joint and muscle pain by the Maasai people of Kenya.Bussmann, R. W., et al. (2006). (Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya. ) ''J Ethnobiol Ethnomed'' 2 22.」の詳細全文を読む ■ウィキペディアで「:''"Currant bush" redirects here. Not to be confused with bush currant (''Miconia calvescens'').'''''''Carissa spinarum''''', the '''conkerberry''' or '''bush plum'''is a large shrub of the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), widely distributed in tropical regions of Africa, Southern Asia, Australia, and various islands of the Indian Ocean.(Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families ) It is most well known in Australia, where it is also called '''currant bush''' or, more ambiguously, '''"native currant"''' or even '''"black currant"'''. It is, however, neither closely related to plums (''Prunus'') nor to true currants (''Ribes''), which belong to entirely different lineages of eudicots. In India, it is also called '''Wild Karanda / Wild Karavanda''', referring to the related Karanda (''C. carandas''). ''Carissa spinarum'' is often discussed under its many obsolete synonyms (see below).It grows as a multi-stemmed shrub, 0.5 to 3 metres in height. The leaves are glossy green, opposite, narrow ovate to lanceolate and 1–5 cm in length. The branches bear thorns of 1–3 cm length. White, star-shaped flowers ~1 cm across are followed by ovate green berries, 1–2 cm in length, which turn black or dark purple when ripe.==Ecology==''C. spinarum'' is most often found in semiarid coastal regions on fine-textured soils such as clays and clay-loams; in more arid regions the plant tends to be confined to areas of higher moisture such as at the base of hills or floodout areas. But it has a high ecological tolerance and can live in a wide range of habitats. In Australia for example, it is often found in association with ''Eucalyptus brownii'', poplar box (''E. populnea''), gidgee (''Acacia cambagei'') or brigalow (''A. harpophylla''), in coastal rainforest, gallery forest and vine thickets in regions receiving in excess of 900 mm annual rainfall, as well as softwood scrubs and open eucalypt savannas receiving less than 700 mm annual rainfall.Conkerberries are edible, but only when fully ripe; they have a sweet flavour, but the milky sap of this plant – and its unripe fruit – is poisonous, as typical for the Apocynaceae. They are a popular bush tucker food for Australian Aborigines in Central Australia. The fruit is known as '''''merne arrankweye''''' in the Arrernte language, '''''anwekety''''' in Anmatyerr and '''''nganango''''' in Pintupi. The fruits are also a popular food for the Australian bustard, emu and many other birds in its range. Its leaves provide food for butterflies (e.g. Australian crow, ''Euploea core'') and moths (e.g. some hawkmoths)''C. spinarum'' is frequently a weed in grazing land in northern Australia, choking out grasses, reducing the ability of livestock to feed, interfering with stock handling and providing a refuge for vermin. The plant is capable of reproducing rapidly by layering and is difficult to control mechanically and expensive to manage with herbicides. On the other hand, it has been used in attempts to restore small-bird habitat in disturbed dry rainforest in Queensland, Australia.Parts of the plant are used medicinally for joint and muscle pain by the Maasai people of Kenya.Bussmann, R. W., et al. (2006). (Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya. ) ''J Ethnobiol Ethnomed'' 2 22.」の詳細全文を読む ■ウィキペディアで「:''"Currant bush" redirects here. Not to be confused with bush currant (''Miconia calvescens'').'''''''Carissa spinarum''''', the '''conkerberry''' or '''bush plum'''is a large shrub of the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), widely distributed in tropical regions of Africa, Southern Asia, Australia, and various islands of the Indian Ocean.(Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families ) It is most well known in Australia, where it is also called '''currant bush''' or, more ambiguously, '''"native currant"''' or even '''"black currant"'''. It is, however, neither closely related to plums (''Prunus'') nor to true currants (''Ribes''), which belong to entirely different lineages of eudicots. In India, it is also called '''Wild Karanda / Wild Karavanda''', referring to the related Karanda (''C. carandas''). ''Carissa spinarum'' is often discussed under its many obsolete synonyms (see below).It grows as a multi-stemmed shrub, 0.5 to 3 metres in height. The leaves are glossy green, opposite, narrow ovate to lanceolate and 1–5 cm in length. The branches bear thorns of 1–3 cm length. White, star-shaped flowers ~1 cm across are followed by ovate green berries, 1–2 cm in length, which turn black or dark purple when ripe.==Ecology==''C. spinarum'' is most often found in semiarid coastal regions on fine-textured soils such as clays and clay-loams; in more arid regions the plant tends to be confined to areas of higher moisture such as at the base of hills or floodout areas. But it has a high ecological tolerance and can live in a wide range of habitats. In Australia for example, it is often found in association with ''Eucalyptus brownii'', poplar box (''E. populnea''), gidgee (''Acacia cambagei'') or brigalow (''A. harpophylla''), in coastal rainforest, gallery forest and vine thickets in regions receiving in excess of 900 mm annual rainfall, as well as softwood scrubs and open eucalypt savannas receiving less than 700 mm annual rainfall.Conkerberries are edible, but only when fully ripe; they have a sweet flavour, but the milky sap of this plant – and its unripe fruit – is poisonous, as typical for the Apocynaceae. They are a popular bush tucker food for Australian Aborigines in Central Australia. The fruit is known as '''''merne arrankweye''''' in the Arrernte language, '''''anwekety''''' in Anmatyerr and '''''nganango''''' in Pintupi. The fruits are also a popular food for the Australian bustard, emu and many other birds in its range. Its leaves provide food for butterflies (e.g. Australian crow, ''Euploea core'') and moths (e.g. some hawkmoths)''C. spinarum'' is frequently a weed in grazing land in northern Australia, choking out grasses, reducing the ability of livestock to feed, interfering with stock handling and providing a refuge for vermin. The plant is capable of reproducing rapidly by layering and is difficult to control mechanically and expensive to manage with herbicides. On the other hand, it has been used in attempts to restore small-bird habitat in disturbed dry rainforest in Queensland, Australia.Parts of the plant are used medicinally for joint and muscle pain by the Maasai people of Kenya.Bussmann, R. W., et al. (2006). (Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya. ) ''J Ethnobiol Ethnomed'' 2 22.」の詳細全文を読む ■ウィキペディアで「:''"Currant bush" redirects here. Not to be confused with bush currant (''Miconia calvescens'').'''''''Carissa spinarum''''', the '''conkerberry''' or '''bush plum'''is a large shrub of the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), widely distributed in tropical regions of Africa, Southern Asia, Australia, and various islands of the Indian Ocean.(Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families ) It is most well known in Australia, where it is also called '''currant bush''' or, more ambiguously, '''"native currant"''' or even '''"black currant"'''. It is, however, neither closely related to plums (''Prunus'') nor to true currants (''Ribes''), which belong to entirely different lineages of eudicots. In India, it is also called '''Wild Karanda / Wild Karavanda''', referring to the related Karanda (''C. carandas''). ''Carissa spinarum'' is often discussed under its many obsolete synonyms (see below).It grows as a multi-stemmed shrub, 0.5 to 3 metres in height. The leaves are glossy green, opposite, narrow ovate to lanceolate and 1–5 cm in length. The branches bear thorns of 1–3 cm length. White, star-shaped flowers ~1 cm across are followed by ovate green berries, 1–2 cm in length, which turn black or dark purple when ripe.==Ecology==''C. spinarum'' is most often found in semiarid coastal regions on fine-textured soils such as clays and clay-loams; in more arid regions the plant tends to be confined to areas of higher moisture such as at the base of hills or floodout areas. But it has a high ecological tolerance and can live in a wide range of habitats. In Australia for example, it is often found in association with ''Eucalyptus brownii'', poplar box (''E. populnea''), gidgee (''Acacia cambagei'') or brigalow (''A. harpophylla''), in coastal rainforest, gallery forest and vine thickets in regions receiving in excess of 900 mm annual rainfall, as well as softwood scrubs and open eucalypt savannas receiving less than 700 mm annual rainfall.Conkerberries are edible, but only when fully ripe; they have a sweet flavour, but the milky sap of this plant – and its unripe fruit – is poisonous, as typical for the Apocynaceae. They are a popular bush tucker food for Australian Aborigines in Central Australia. The fruit is known as '''''merne arrankweye''''' in the Arrernte language, '''''anwekety''''' in Anmatyerr and '''''nganango''''' in Pintupi. The fruits are also a popular food for the Australian bustard, emu and many other birds in its range. Its leaves provide food for butterflies (e.g. Australian crow, ''Euploea core'') and moths (e.g. some hawkmoths)''C. spinarum'' is frequently a weed in grazing land in northern Australia, choking out grasses, reducing the ability of livestock to feed, interfering with stock handling and providing a refuge for vermin. The plant is capable of reproducing rapidly by layering and is difficult to control mechanically and expensive to manage with herbicides. On the other hand, it has been used in attempts to restore small-bird habitat in disturbed dry rainforest in Queensland, Australia.Parts of the plant are used medicinally for joint and muscle pain by the Maasai people of Kenya.Bussmann, R. W., et al. (2006). (Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya. ) ''J Ethnobiol Ethnomed'' 2 22.」の詳細全文を読む ■''''Carissa spinarum''''', the '''conkerberry''' or '''bush plum'''is a large shrub of the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), widely distributed in tropical regions of Africa, Southern Asia, Australia, and various islands of the Indian Ocean.(Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families ) It is most well known in Australia, where it is also called '''currant bush''' or, more ambiguously, '''"native currant"''' or even '''"black currant"'''. It is, however, neither closely related to plums (''Prunus'') nor to true currants (''Ribes''), which belong to entirely different lineages of eudicots. In India, it is also called '''Wild Karanda / Wild Karavanda''', referring to the related Karanda (''C. carandas''). ''Carissa spinarum'' is often discussed under its many obsolete synonyms (see below).It grows as a multi-stemmed shrub, 0.5 to 3 metres in height. The leaves are glossy green, opposite, narrow ovate to lanceolate and 1–5 cm in length. The branches bear thorns of 1–3 cm length. White, star-shaped flowers ~1 cm across are followed by ovate green berries, 1–2 cm in length, which turn black or dark purple when ripe.==Ecology==''C. spinarum'' is most often found in semiarid coastal regions on fine-textured soils such as clays and clay-loams; in more arid regions the plant tends to be confined to areas of higher moisture such as at the base of hills or floodout areas. But it has a high ecological tolerance and can live in a wide range of habitats. In Australia for example, it is often found in association with ''Eucalyptus brownii'', poplar box (''E. populnea''), gidgee (''Acacia cambagei'') or brigalow (''A. harpophylla''), in coastal rainforest, gallery forest and vine thickets in regions receiving in excess of 900 mm annual rainfall, as well as softwood scrubs and open eucalypt savannas receiving less than 700 mm annual rainfall.Conkerberries are edible, but only when fully ripe; they have a sweet flavour, but the milky sap of this plant – and its unripe fruit – is poisonous, as typical for the Apocynaceae. They are a popular bush tucker food for Australian Aborigines in Central Australia. The fruit is known as '''''merne arrankweye''''' in the Arrernte language, '''''anwekety''''' in Anmatyerr and '''''nganango''''' in Pintupi. The fruits are also a popular food for the Australian bustard, emu and many other birds in its range. Its leaves provide food for butterflies (e.g. Australian crow, ''Euploea core'') and moths (e.g. some hawkmoths)''C. spinarum'' is frequently a weed in grazing land in northern Australia, choking out grasses, reducing the ability of livestock to feed, interfering with stock handling and providing a refuge for vermin. The plant is capable of reproducing rapidly by layering and is difficult to control mechanically and expensive to manage with herbicides. On the other hand, it has been used in attempts to restore small-bird habitat in disturbed dry rainforest in Queensland, Australia.Parts of the plant are used medicinally for joint and muscle pain by the Maasai people of Kenya.Bussmann, R. W., et al. (2006). (Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya. ) ''J Ethnobiol Ethnomed'' 2 22.">ウィキペディアで「:''"Currant bush" redirects here. Not to be confused with bush currant (''Miconia calvescens'').'''''''Carissa spinarum''''', the '''conkerberry''' or '''bush plum'''is a large shrub of the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), widely distributed in tropical regions of Africa, Southern Asia, Australia, and various islands of the Indian Ocean.(Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families ) It is most well known in Australia, where it is also called '''currant bush''' or, more ambiguously, '''"native currant"''' or even '''"black currant"'''. It is, however, neither closely related to plums (''Prunus'') nor to true currants (''Ribes''), which belong to entirely different lineages of eudicots. In India, it is also called '''Wild Karanda / Wild Karavanda''', referring to the related Karanda (''C. carandas''). ''Carissa spinarum'' is often discussed under its many obsolete synonyms (see below).It grows as a multi-stemmed shrub, 0.5 to 3 metres in height. The leaves are glossy green, opposite, narrow ovate to lanceolate and 1–5 cm in length. The branches bear thorns of 1–3 cm length. White, star-shaped flowers ~1 cm across are followed by ovate green berries, 1–2 cm in length, which turn black or dark purple when ripe.==Ecology==''C. spinarum'' is most often found in semiarid coastal regions on fine-textured soils such as clays and clay-loams; in more arid regions the plant tends to be confined to areas of higher moisture such as at the base of hills or floodout areas. But it has a high ecological tolerance and can live in a wide range of habitats. In Australia for example, it is often found in association with ''Eucalyptus brownii'', poplar box (''E. populnea''), gidgee (''Acacia cambagei'') or brigalow (''A. harpophylla''), in coastal rainforest, gallery forest and vine thickets in regions receiving in excess of 900 mm annual rainfall, as well as softwood scrubs and open eucalypt savannas receiving less than 700 mm annual rainfall.Conkerberries are edible, but only when fully ripe; they have a sweet flavour, but the milky sap of this plant – and its unripe fruit – is poisonous, as typical for the Apocynaceae. They are a popular bush tucker food for Australian Aborigines in Central Australia. The fruit is known as '''''merne arrankweye''''' in the Arrernte language, '''''anwekety''''' in Anmatyerr and '''''nganango''''' in Pintupi. The fruits are also a popular food for the Australian bustard, emu and many other birds in its range. Its leaves provide food for butterflies (e.g. Australian crow, ''Euploea core'') and moths (e.g. some hawkmoths)''C. spinarum'' is frequently a weed in grazing land in northern Australia, choking out grasses, reducing the ability of livestock to feed, interfering with stock handling and providing a refuge for vermin. The plant is capable of reproducing rapidly by layering and is difficult to control mechanically and expensive to manage with herbicides. On the other hand, it has been used in attempts to restore small-bird habitat in disturbed dry rainforest in Queensland, Australia.Parts of the plant are used medicinally for joint and muscle pain by the Maasai people of Kenya.Bussmann, R. W., et al. (2006). (Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya. ) ''J Ethnobiol Ethnomed'' 2 22.」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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